Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and sulfur have been detected in the planet's inflated atmosphere. Its atmosphere is heated to temperatures over 1,000 K, and is steadily escaping into space. The first exoplanet whose atmospheric composition was determined is HD 209458b, a gas giant with a close orbit around a star in the constellation Pegasus. These include the Moon ( sodium gas), Mercury (sodium gas), Europa (oxygen), Io ( sulfur), and Enceladus ( water vapor).
Other bodies within the Solar System have extremely thin atmospheres not in equilibrium. When in the part of its orbit closest to the Sun, Pluto has an atmosphere of nitrogen and methane similar to Triton's, but these gases are frozen when it is farther from the Sun. Titan, a moon of Saturn, and Triton, a moon of Neptune, have atmospheres mainly of nitrogen. Two satellites of the outer planets possess significant atmospheres. These planets have hydrogen–helium atmospheres, with trace amounts of more complex compounds. The low temperatures and higher gravity of the Solar System's giant planets- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune-allow them more readily to retain gases with low molecular masses. Dry air (mixture of gases) from Earth's atmosphere contains 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and traces of hydrogen, helium, and other "noble" gases (by volume), but generally a variable amount of water vapor is also present, on average about 1% at sea level. The composition of Earth's atmosphere is determined by the by-products of the life that it sustains. The atmospheres of the planets Venus and Mars are principally composed of carbon dioxide and nitrogen, argon and oxygen.
#ATMOS B2 BASIC DIGITAL ATMOSPHERE CONTROLLER SERIES#
The original atmosphere of the planets originated from a rotating disc of gases, which collapsed onto itself and then divided into a series of spaced rings of gas and matter that, which later condensed to form the planets of the Solar system. The initial gaseous composition of an atmosphere is determined by the chemistry and temperature of the local solar nebula from which a planet is formed, and the subsequent escape of some gases from the interior of the atmosphere proper. Earth's atmosphere refracts sunlight with a day longer than 12 hours in equinox, in absence of its effects of climate change.Īs early as 2020, with the discovery of the exoplanet TOI 700 d, there is a feasibility for an Earth analog with its own atmosphere to be retained. To this day, many planets beyond Earth contain a rich pressure with an outermost layer of extraterrestrial atmospheres. Half a billion years ago, the Earth's surface began to cool when the atmosphere was solidified and layered with rich oxygen in order for water to collect on the surface for the evolution of life. However, when the planet cooled, the atmosphere began to develop from gases spewed from volcanoes, which included much of the carbon dioxide. Then by around 4.6 billion years ago, almost no atmosphere was found on the planet, as it was covered by a rock of molten lava. It was generally believed around 5 billion years ago, the Earth collided with a planet the size of Mars. ( November 2021) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. This section needs additional citations for verification.
The current composition of the atmosphere of the Earth is the product of billions of years of biochemical modification of the paleoatmosphere by living organisms. The layered composition of the atmosphere minimises the harmful effects of sunlight, ultraviolet radiation, the solar wind, and cosmic rays to protect organisms from genetic damage. Most organisms use oxygen for respiration lightning and bacteria perform nitrogen fixation to produce ammonia that is used to make nucleotides and amino acids plants, algae, and cyanobacteria use carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.
The atmosphere of Earth is composed of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon (0.9%), carbon dioxide (0.04%) and trace gases. A stellar atmosphere is the outer region of a star, which includes the layers above the opaque photosphere stars of low temperature might have outer atmospheres containing compound molecules. A planet retains an atmosphere when the gravity is great and the temperature of the atmosphere is low. A diagram of the layers of Earth's atmosphereĪn atmosphere (from Ancient Greek ἀτμός (atmós) 'vapour, steam', and σφαῖρα (sphaîra) 'sphere') is a layer of gas or layers of gases that envelope a planet, and is held in place by the gravity of the planetary body.